82,000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior

Bouzouggar et al. 10.1073/pnas.0703877104.

Supporting Information

Files in this Data Supplement:

SI Figure 6
SI Table 2
SI Table 3
SI Table 4
SI Table 5
SI Text
SI Figure 7
SI Figure 8
SI Figure 9

SI Figure 6

Fig. 6. Middle Paleolithic artefacts in group E (bed 21). Aterian bifacial points (1, TAF04-TAF2127; 2, TAF04-TAF2020,), Levallois cores (3, TAF04-TAF1629; 5, TAF03-TAF244), and Levallois flakes (4, TAF03-TAF240; 6, TAF03-TAF280) are shown. (Scale bars: 2 cm).

SI Figure 7

Fig. 7. Postmortem modifications on the Nassarius gibbosulus shells from Taforalt indicating that they were collected on the shore. (A) Encrustation produced by bryozoa. (B) Sea gravel, fragment of a bivalve, and a tiny Rissoidae embedded in the shell body whorl. (C) Sea gravel stuck in the hole produced by abrasion of the protoconch. (D) Sea gravel obstructing the shell aperture. (E) Perforation produced by a predator subsequently enlarged by abrasion on the beach. A: Fig. 1, no. 10; B and E: Fig. 1, no. 2; C and D: Fig. 1, no. 5. (Scale bars: 500 mm.)

SI Figure 8

Fig. 8. (Upper) Areas in blue identify the location of the wear pattern interpreted as resulting from the utilization as personal ornaments of N. gibbosulus from Grotte des Pigeons. Zones in yellow identify area altered postdepositionally. (Lower) Shine on the perforation edge (A and B, no. 4) and on the apex (C and D, no. 12), facet on the ventral side (E and F, no. 8), and shine and striations on the lateral side (G and H, no. 12) are shown. Black squares in A, E, and G and arrow in C identify the area enlarged in the adjacent micrograph. Arrow in F points to the wear facet. (Scale bar: 1-13, A, C, E, and G = 1 cm; B, D, F, and H = 500 mm.)

SI Figure 9

Fig. 9. (Upper) Areas in red identify the location of red pigment residues on N. gibbosulus shells from Grotte des Pigeons. (Lower) Pigment residues on the ventral side (A and B, no. 3), inside the body whorl (C and D, no. 12), on the dorsal side (E and F, no. 13), and close to the syphonal canal (G and H, no. 9). Black squares in A, C, E, and G and arrow in C identify the area enlarged in the adjacent micrograph. (Scale bar: 1-13, A, C, E, and G = 1 cm; B, D, F, and H = 500 mm.)

Table 2. Accelerator mass spectrometry ¹⁴C, OSL, TL, and uranium-series dates for Grotte des Pigeons (Taforalt)

Serial no.	Type	Field code	Lab code	Provenance	Age, yr	Adjusted/calibrated age	Est. age, kyr
1	C14	TAF03/200	OxA-13479	Sector 8 Gray series A (summit)	10,935 ± 40	12,939-12,840 (2σ)	12.9
2	C14	TAF03/90	OxA-13478	Sector 8 Gray series A (base)	12,495 ± 50	14,944-14,239 (2σ)	14.6
3	C14	TAF03/317	OxA-13519	Sector 8 Upper Laminated group B (Yellow series)	13,905 ± 55	16,945-16,190 (2σ)	16.6
4	C14	TAF03/316	OxA-13518	Sector 8 Upper Laminated group C (Yellow series)	17,085 ± 65	20,400-20,002 (2σ)	20.2
5	C14	TAF03/315	OxA-13607	Sector 8 Upper Laminated group C (Yellow series)	22,200 ± 90	26,307-25,279 (2σ)	25.8
6	C14	TAF03/314	OxA-13556	Sector 8 Upper Laminated group C (Yellow series)	25,760 ± 140	30,065-29,027 (2σ)	29.5
7	C14	TAF03/586	OxA-14347	Sector 6 Upper Laminated group B (cf. Raynal 3-4) [reworked ?]	21,360 ± 90	25,083-24,109 (2σ)	[24.6]
8	C14	TAF03/945	OxA-14290	Sector 6 Upper Laminated group C (cf. Raynal 7)	22,910 ± 100	27,035-26,329 (2σ)	26.7
9	OSL	TAF03-L16	X1867	Sector 8 Gray series A	19,300 ± 1,200		19.3
10	OSL	TAF03-L13	X1864	Sector 8 Upper Laminated group B (Yellow series)	21,700 ± 1,300		21.7
11	OSL	TAF03-L14	X1865	Sector 8 Upper Laminated group C (Yellow series)	29,700 ± 1,900		29.7
12	OSL	TAF03-L01	X1851	Sector 6 Upper Laminated group C (cf. Raynal 7-10) [dubious]	19,000 ± 1,100		[19.0]
13	OSL	TAF05-OSL1	X2635	Sector 1 Upper Laminated group C (cf. Raynal 8-10 near burrows)	25,100 ± 2,700		25.1
14	OSL	TAF03-L03	X1853	Sector 6 Pink group D (cf. Raynal 13)	44,300 ± 3,700		44.3
15	OSL	TAF03-L02	X1852	Sector 6 Pink group D (cf. Raynal 13-14)	48,600 ± 3,700		48.6
16	OSL	TAF05-OSL2B	X2637	Sector 1 Pink group D (cf. Raynal "12"-13 near burrows)	50,700 ± 4,100		50.7
17	OSL	TAF05-OSL3	X2638	Sector 1 Pink group D (cf. Raynal 14)	54,900 ± 4,600		54.9
18	OSL	TAF05-OSL4	X2639	Sector 1 Lower Laminated group E (cf. Raynal 16-17)	60,100 ± 3,900		60.1
19	OSL	TAF05-OSL8	X2643	Sector 1 Lower Laminated group E (cf. Raynal 18-21)	60,300 ± 4,100		60.3
20	OSL	TAF03-L04	X1854	Sector 6 Lower Laminated group E (probably upper part)	73,500 ± 5,700		73.5
21	OSL	TAF05-OSL5	X2640	Sector 1 Lower Laminated group E (cf. Raynal 22 e-d)	84,500 ± 4,400		84.5
22	OSL	TAF05-OSL6	X2641	Sector 1 Calcareous group F (cf. Raynal 26 upper)	85,500 ± 8,100		85.5
23	OSL	TAF03-L06	X1856	Sector 6 Calcareous group F (cf. Raynal 27)	103,800 ± 9,100		103.8
24	TL	TAF04-762	K0338	Sector 8 Gray series A	17,400 ± 700		17.4
25	TL	TAF03-L15 (328)	K0317	Sector 8 Gray series A (base)	19,100 ± 1,200		19.1
26	TL	TAF03-L12 (320)	K0316	Sector 8 Upper Laminated group C (Yellow series)	37,400 ± 1,800		37.4
27	TL	TAF03-L05 (143)	K0314	Sector 6 Lower Laminated group E (probably upper part)	70,300 ± 2,800		70.3
28	TL	TAF03-L07	K0315	Sector 6 Lower Laminated group E [reworked ?]	108,700 ± 5,100		[108.7]
29	U/Th	TAF-CAR-03-4A	(EH124)	Sector 6 Calcareous group F floor speleothem (cf. Raynal 28)	95,400 ± 900	94,800 ± 900	94.8
30	U/Th	TAF-CAR-03-4B	(EH125)	Sector 6 Calcareous group F floor speleothem (cf. Raynal 28)	95,100 ± 600	93,900 ± 800	93.9

Cross-references to the original bed nomenclature proposed by Raynal are given [Raynal JP (1980) Bull d'Archéol Maroc 12:69-72].

Table 3. Uranium and thorium isotopic compositions and ²³⁰Th ages for layer F flowstone

Sample ID	Weight, g	²³⁸U, ng g^-1	²³²Th, ng g^-1	[²³⁰Th/²³²Th]_activity	δ²³⁴U_measured, ‰*	δ²³⁴U_initial, ‰*	[²³⁰Th/²³⁸U]_activity (corrected^†)	Age, ka (corrected^†‡)
TAF-CAR-03-04 A (EH124)	0.332	102.4 ± 1.7	6.07 ± 0.05	40.0 ± 5	1,299.3 ± 7.8	1,722.4 ± 9.6	1.4437 ± 0.008	94.8 ± 0.9
TAF-CAR-03-04 B (EH125)	0.397	124.7 ± 2.4	6.97 ± 0.14	41.5 ± 11	1,255.0 ± 6.6	1,685.7 ± 18.2	1.4183 ± 0.008	93.9 ± 0.8

All errors are 2σ.

*δ²³⁴U = ([²³⁴U/²³⁸U]_activity -1) ´ 1,000, δ²³⁴U_(measured) = δ²³⁴U_(initial)e^-λ234T.

^†[²³⁰Th/²³⁸U]_activity = 1 - e^{-λ230T + (δ}²³⁴U_measured/1,000)[λ₂₃₀/(λ₂₃₀ - λ₂₃₄)](1 - e^{-(λ230 -λ234)T}), where T is the age in years. Decay constants (λ) are 9.158 ´ 10^-6 yr^-1 for ²³⁰Th, 2.826 ´ 10^-6 yr^-1 for ²³⁴U (1), and 1.551 ´ 10^-10 yr^-1 for ²³⁸U (2).

^‡Corrected for detrital Th contamination by using an initial [²³⁰Th/²³²Th]_activity of 0.8 ± 0.4 (2σ).

1. Cheng H, Edwards RL, Hoff J, Gallup CD, Richards DA, Asmerom Y (2000) Chem Geol 169:17-33.

2. Jaffey AH, Flynn KF, Glendenin LE, Bentley WC, Essling AM (1971) Phys Rev C 4:1889-1906.

Table 4. Parameters used to calculate all OSL and TL age estimates

Field code	Lab. code	Group from figure	Serial no.	Depth below local datum, m	Estimated total depth, m	K conc., %K	Th conc., ppm Th	U conc., ppm U	Gamma dose rate, mGy/a	±	1 sigma error	Total dose rate, mGy/a	±	1 sigma error	Equivalent dose, Gy	±	1 sigma error	Age estimate, ka	±	1 sigma error
OSL
TAF03-L16	X1867	A	9	0.70	20.70	0.42	1.37	0.33	0.21	±	0.01	0.61	±	0.03	11.9	±	0.5	19.3	±	1.2
TAF03-L13	X1864	B	10	4.80	24.80	1.17	5.84	1.13	0.52	±	0.01	1.60	±	0.09	34.6	±	1.0	21.7	±	1.3
TAF03-L14	X1865	C	11	5.47	25.47	1.43	8.45	0.94	0.66	±	0.01	1.90	±	0.11	56.3	±	1.4	29.7	±	1.9
TAF03-L01	X1851	C	12	0.45	24.45	2.13	8.18	1.15	0.87	±	0.01	2.77	±	0.14	52.6	±	1.4	19.0	±	1.1
TAF05-OSL1m	X2635	C	13	0.38	26.38	1.02	3.40	0.90	0.47	±	0.01	1.40	±	0.07	35.3	±	3.4	25.1	±	2.7
TAF03-L03m	X1853	D	14	0.80	24.80	1.06	5.05	0.75	0.61	±	0.01	1.61	±	0.07	71.4	±	5.0	44.3	±	3.7
TAF03-L02m	X1852	D	15	0.75	24.75	0.92	4.52	0.47	0.64	±	0.01	1.50	±	0.06	73.1	±	4.7	48.6	±	3.7
TAF05-OSL2Bm	X2637	D	16	0.58	26.58	0.87	3.40	0.90	0.43	±