Fine structure of the promoter–σ region 1.2 interaction

Abstract

We recently proposed that a nontemplate strand base in the discriminator region of bacterial promoters, the region between the −10 element and the transcription start site, makes sequence-specific contacts to region 1.2 of the σ subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP). Because rRNA promoters contain sequences within the discriminator region that are suboptimal for interaction with σ1.2, these promoters have the kinetic properties required for regulation by the RNAP-binding factors DksA and ppGpp. Here, we use zero-length cross-linking and mutational, kinetic, and footprinting studies to map RNAP interactions with the nontemplate strand bases at the junction of the −10 element and the discriminator region in an unregulated rRNA promoter variant and in the λP_R promoter. Our studies indicate that nontemplate strand bases adjacent to the −10 element bind within a 9-aa interval in σ1.2 (residues 99–107). We also demonstrate that the downstream-most base on the nontemplate strand of the −10 hexamer cross-links to σ region 2, and not to σ1.2. Our results refine models of RNAP–DNA interactions in the promoter complex that are crucial for regulation of transcription initiation.

• promoter element
• RNA polymerase
• transcription initiation
• discriminator region
• −10 element