Multiple pathways process stalled replication forks

Laboratoire de Génétique Microbienne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78352 Jouy en Josas Cedex, France

Edited by Nicholas R. Cozzarelli, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and approved June 22, 2004 (received for review March 30, 2004)

Abstract

Impairment of replication fork progression is a serious threat to living organisms and a potential source of genome instability. Studies in prokaryotes have provided evidence that inactivated replication forks can restart by the reassembly of the replication machinery. Several strategies for the processing of inactivated replication forks before replisome reassembly have been described. Most of these require the action of recombination proteins, with different proteins being implicated, depending on the cause of fork arrest. The action of recombination proteins at blocked forks is not necessarily accompanied by a strand-exchange reaction and may prevent rather than repair fork breakage. These various restart pathways may reflect different structures at stalled forks. We review here the different strategies of fork processing elicited by different kinds of replication impairments in prokaryotes and the variety of roles played by recombination proteins in these processes.

Footnotes

↵ * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: bmichel{at}jouy.inra.fr.
↵ † Present address: Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
↵ ‡ Present address: Unité d'Ecologie et de Physiologie du Système Digestif, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 78352 Jouy en Josas Cedex, France.
This paper was submitted directly (Track II) to the PNAS office.
Abbreviations: HJ, Holliday junction; ssDNA, single-stranded DNA; SSB, ssDNA-binding protein; Pol III HE, polymerase III holoenzyme.